Science

Conceptual liposome illustration with a champagne phospholipid membrane and flowing liquid on a light background

THE SCIENCE OF TR1

Precision,at the smallestscale.

Exceptional formulation goes beyond the ingredient. Explore the structure, testing, and attention to detail behind TR1’s liquid liposomal delivery platform.

Explore the evidence

Thoughtfully formulated. Carefully characterized.

Our approach

100–250 nmAnnotated vesicle diameters in the Vitamin C microscopy reference

5 formulationsReference formulations characterized by particle-size analysis

24 monthsFollow-up in the liquid liposomal Vitamin C stability reference

OUR APPROACH

Good ingredients are
only the beginning.

The way an ingredient is formulated matters. Its surrounding environment, the structure that carries it, and its behavior over time are all part of the finished product.

TR1 brings those details together in a liquid liposomal platform. Our approach starts with sunflower-derived phospholipids and continues with the analytical work needed to understand the resulting formulation.

Conceptual cutaway showing the two molecular layers of a phospholipid membrane around an aqueous core
Conceptual illustration. Structure and ingredient location vary by formula.

DESIGNED FROM THE INSIDE OUT

A small structure.
A considered design.

A liposome is a microscopic vesicle with a membrane made of phospholipids, the same class of molecules found in cell membranes. Its bilayer surrounds a water-based core.

  • Sunflower phospholipids

    TR1 uses non-GMO, de-oiled sunflower lecithin, including phosphatidylcholine, as its phospholipid source.

  • A phospholipid bilayer

    Two molecular layers form the membrane around the core. Imaging helps examine whether this architecture is present.

  • A liquid environment

    The water phase is part of the formulation itself. TR1 brings the liquid liposomal system into a portable, single-serve format.

A CLOSER LOOK AT THE EVIDENCE

Quality you can examine.

Structure, particle size, and stability answer different questions. Together, they provide a more complete picture of a liposomal formulation.

STRUCTURE

Liposomal structure.
Confirmed by microscopy.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides a direct view of vesicle morphology. In the Vitamin C reference formulation, images show membrane structures that the manufacturing report identifies as phospholipid bilayers.

The report describes imaging developed in collaboration with the University of Hamburg, with annotated diameters of approximately 100–250 nm.

What this tells us

The images show the formation of phospholipid bilayer vesicles in the tested formulation. This membrane surrounding a water-based core is the defining architecture of a liposome, distinct from a simple dispersion of oil droplets.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Original Vitamin C TEM field with a diameter annotation of 166.29 nm166 nm Annotated diameter
Original Vitamin C TEM field with a diameter annotation of approximately 104 nm104 nm Annotated diameter
Original Vitamin C TEM field showing a membrane structure with a 115.57 nm annotation116 nm Annotated diameter
Original Vitamin C TEM field with a diameter annotation of approximately 247 nm247 nm Annotated diameter
Vitamin C reference formulation · University of Hamburg collaborationFour original fields, with source measurement annotations retained. Labels are rounded to the nearest nanometer. TEM ZEISS EM 906 · ×60,000 · 100 kV. Source: manufacturing partner, Infosheet TEM (2024).
PARTICLE SIZE

Consistency across
formulations.

A delivery platform should be characterized across different ingredients. Particle-size analysis reveals a recurring nanoscale pattern in the Vitamin C, glutathione, magnesium, curcumin, and CoQ10 reference formulations.

Across these five formulations, the reported main particle populations fall within approximately 60–300 nm. Formula-dependent medians are approximately 80–250 nm after 0.45 μm filtration.

What this tells us

The shared size range shows a consistent formulation pattern across the tested ingredients. Together with microscopy, these profiles provide a foundation for assessing the quality of the liposomal platform across formulations.

CROSS-FORMULA CHARACTERIZATION
Original volume-based size distributions for Vitamin C, glutathione, magnesium, curcumin, and CoQ10; x axis particle diameter in micrometers, y axis volume percent
Five liquid liposomal reference formulationsMeasured, volume-based particle-size distributions for five reference formulations. Original curves, axes, and legend retained. 1 μm = 1,000 nm.
STABILITY

Quality, measured
beyond day one.

Stability work looks at physical structure, active content, and microbiological quality. The liquid liposomal Vitamin C reference program includes measurements through 24 months.

The report records Vitamin C depletion of 10 ± 2% at 12 months and 18 ± 2% at 24 months relative to fresh product.

What this tells us

The study follows the tested Vitamin C formulation through 24 months, bringing active content, particle structure, and microbiological quality into one picture of stability over time.

VITAMIN C ACTIVE-INGREDIENT STABILITY
Vitamin C remaining relative to fresh product: fresh baseline 100 percent; 12 months 90 plus or minus 2 percent; 24 months 82 plus or minus 2 percent. Values calculated from reported depletion.
A 24-month manufacturing-platform referenceRemaining content = 100% minus reported depletion. The ±2 percentage-point ranges are reproduced as reported; their statistical definition is not supplied.
Particle size and microbiology over time

The main particle population remained generally within approximately 100–300 nm. Some broadening and a secondary larger-particle feature appeared at 24 months. The report lists aerobic microbial count and yeast and mould below 10 at fresh, 12, and 24 months.

Source: Vitamin C stability report, lots 14822 and 14688 (January 2026). These observations are specific to the tested reference formulation.

THE TR1 STANDARD, OVER TIME

Stability, supported
by long-term research.

Long-term research supports the liposomal platform behind TR1. In the Vitamin C reference formulation, the main particle population persists through 24 months, with some broadening and a secondary larger-particle feature at the final measurement.

VITAMIN C · PARTICLE SIZE OVER TIME
Original volume-based Vitamin C particle-size distributions for fresh, 12-month, and 24-month testing, with a secondary larger-particle feature near 2 micrometers in one curve; source legend retained
Fresh, 12-month, and 24-month measurementsOriginal curves, axes, and source legend (Vit C_A, Vit C_B, Vit C_C) retained. Results apply to the Vitamin C reference formulation under the reported study conditions.

THE TR1 STANDARD

Care in every
formulation decision.

Our platform combines European manufacturing, selected raw materials, and a practical liquid format. Each formula has its own specifications and evidence needs.

Defined phospholipid source

Non-GMO sunflower-derived phospholipids form the basis of the shared delivery system.

Complementary analytical methods

Microscopy examines structure. Particle-size analysis characterizes the population. Each method contributes a different part of the picture.

A liquid, single-serve format

The delivery system is part of the product you take, packaged in a portable card designed for everyday use.

Evidence specific to the formula

Ingredient specifications, quality records, and stability work belong to the individual formula. Platform research informs that work.

THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE STANDARD

Formulated and advised
with physicians.

TR1 brings physician input into formulation, with perspectives from regenerative medicine and cardiology. Our physician advisor and partner contribute to an approach centered on ingredient quality, thoughtful delivery, and practical daily use.

TR1 DOCTOR ADVISOR

Tad DeWald, M.D.

Regenerative Medicine Specialist
CEO, Regen Medicine

TR1 DOCTOR PARTNER

Steven Schnur, M.D.

Board-Certified Cardiologist
CEO, Lynx Health Advisors

TR1’s supplied portraits of Tad DeWald, M.D., on the left and Steven Schnur, M.D., on the right
Tad DeWald, M.D.Steven Schnur, M.D.
Research librarySupporting methods and references

  • Formulation & quality framework

    TR1 Science and Technical Responses, 2026. Phospholipid composition, manufacturing platform, and formulation-specific evidence.

  • Transmission electron microscopy

    Manufacturing partner, Infosheet TEM, 2024. Vitamin C liposome imaging; University of Hamburg collaboration described in the report.

  • Particle size across formulations

    Manufacturing partner, TEM and Particle Size of Liposomes, 2025. Volume-based profiles for Vitamin C, glutathione, magnesium, curcumin, and CoQ10.

  • Vitamin C stability

    Manufacturing partner, Liquid Liposomal Vitamin C Stability Report, January 2026. Lots 14822 and 14688; particle size, microbiology, and active content through 24 months.

  • Foundational liposome research

    Bangham, Standish & Watkins. Diffusion of univalent ions across the lamellae of swollen phospholipids. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1965. Foundational membrane research.

SCIENCE, EXPLAINED

A closer understanding.

What makes a formulation liposomal?

A liposome is a vesicle with a phospholipid bilayer surrounding a water-based core. That organized membrane is its defining feature. In the platform reference study, electron microscopy reveals this structure directly.

Why examine particle size across different ingredients?

Each ingredient brings different formulation properties. Comparing the measured size profiles helps characterize how the shared platform performs across those differences. The five reference formulations shown here have main particle populations within approximately 60–300 nm.

How is stability evaluated?

Stability assessment follows a formulation over time, measuring particle size, active content, and microbiological quality. The Vitamin C reference study includes fresh, 12-month, and 24-month measurements. Each finished formula is assessed against its own specifications and storage conditions.

THE SCIENCE, IN YOUR DAILY ROUTINE

Explore our products.

Thoughtful formulation, brought into your everyday routine.

TR1 Performance liposomal NADH box and single-serve sachet, from the TR1 homepage

Liposomal NADH

Performance

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TR1 Recovery magnesium blend box and single-serve sachet, from the TR1 homepage

Magnesium · L-glutamine · L-theanine

Recovery

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TR1 Master Antioxidant glutathione and CoQ10 box and single-serve sachet, from the TR1 homepage

Glutathione · CoQ10

Master Antioxidant

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